Topic 5 [Enzymes]

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: A substance that the rate of a chemical reaction by itself at the end of the reaction.

Enzymes are biological catalysts.

Without enzymes, reactions would take place or not at all.

- Enzymes in biology ensure that the rates of metabolic reactions are fast enough to sustain life.

metabolic reactions require enzymes.

- All enzymes molecules have a in it that is called the .

- The active site of an enzyme is:

> to the of its' substrate molecule

> To allow the substrate molecule to

All enzymes are (They only work for that one particular substrate; E.g Protease only works for protein molecules)

1. The shape of the (key) fits into the of the (lock)

2. They form an

3. A reaction takes place, products are then formed and then released

4. The is now free to react with another substrate (Enzymes are reusable, catalysts do not get used up/change during reactions).

**The enzyme-substrate complex forms only for a brief moment.**

- All enzymes are

- All enzymes are made and (change shape) in high temperatures

**The active site changes shape, so the enzyme-substrate can no longer form.**

- All enzymes are

- All enzymes are (Each enzyme will only catalyse one kind of chemical reaction)

Enzymes are named according to the reaction/substrate that they catalyse by adding an -ase behind the substances that they catalyse.

Enzyme that breaks down :

Enzyme that breaks down :

Enzyme that breaks down :

Enzyme that breaks down :

Enzyme that breaks down (Aka. Amylose):

1. Amylase

Made in: Salivary glands

Works in: Mouth

Substrate: Starch

Products: Maltose and glucose

2. Pepsin

Made in: Stomach cells

Works in: Stomach

Substrate: Protein

Products: Amino acids

3. Amylase; Trypsin; Lipase;

Made in: Pancreas

Works in: Small intestine

Substrate(s): Starch; Protein; Lipids;

Products: Maltose and glucose; Amino acids; Glycerol and fatty acids;

- The the temperature, the the enzyme activity. (This is because the particles have more kinetic energy and more successful/effective collisions, so the substrates fit into the active sites of the enzymes faster)

- Therefore more products are formed.

> Most human enzymes work best at 37ºC - 40ºC, which is the . The rate of reaction at this time is at a .

However, at temperatures that are than the :

- Kinetic energy increases even more.

- The frequency of effective collisions increase.

- However, the shape of the enzyme's active site starts to change and the enzyme eventually becomes .

- Most enzymes are effective only within a .

- Optimum pH is the pH at which the maximum rate of reaction occurs.

- Deviation from optimum pH will alter the acidic and basic groups of amino acids in the enzyme (Enzymes are proteins). The enzyme will .

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Disclaimer: I cannot guarantee all the information is correct. I am NOT a professional teacher.

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