《IGCSE BIOLOGY》Topic 5
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Topic 5 [Enzymes]
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: A substance that the rate of a chemical reaction by itself at the end of the reaction.
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
Without enzymes, reactions would take place or not at all.
- Enzymes in biology ensure that the rates of metabolic reactions are fast enough to sustain life.
metabolic reactions require enzymes.
- All enzymes molecules have a in it that is called the .
- The active site of an enzyme is:
> to the of its' substrate molecule
> To allow the substrate molecule to
All enzymes are (They only work for that one particular substrate; E.g Protease only works for protein molecules)
1. The shape of the (key) fits into the of the (lock)
2. They form an
3. A reaction takes place, products are then formed and then released
4. The is now free to react with another substrate (Enzymes are reusable, catalysts do not get used up/change during reactions).
**The enzyme-substrate complex forms only for a brief moment.**
- All enzymes are
- All enzymes are made and (change shape) in high temperatures
**The active site changes shape, so the enzyme-substrate can no longer form.**
- All enzymes are
- All enzymes are (Each enzyme will only catalyse one kind of chemical reaction)
Enzymes are named according to the reaction/substrate that they catalyse by adding an -ase behind the substances that they catalyse.
Enzyme that breaks down :
Enzyme that breaks down :
Enzyme that breaks down :
Enzyme that breaks down :
Enzyme that breaks down (Aka. Amylose):
1. Amylase
Made in: Salivary glands
Works in: Mouth
Substrate: Starch
Products: Maltose and glucose
2. Pepsin
Made in: Stomach cells
Works in: Stomach
Substrate: Protein
Products: Amino acids
3. Amylase; Trypsin; Lipase;
Made in: Pancreas
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Works in: Small intestine
Substrate(s): Starch; Protein; Lipids;
Products: Maltose and glucose; Amino acids; Glycerol and fatty acids;
- The the temperature, the the enzyme activity. (This is because the particles have more kinetic energy and more successful/effective collisions, so the substrates fit into the active sites of the enzymes faster)
- Therefore more products are formed.
> Most human enzymes work best at 37ºC - 40ºC, which is the . The rate of reaction at this time is at a .
However, at temperatures that are than the :
- Kinetic energy increases even more.
- The frequency of effective collisions increase.
- However, the shape of the enzyme's active site starts to change and the enzyme eventually becomes .
- Most enzymes are effective only within a .
- Optimum pH is the pH at which the maximum rate of reaction occurs.
- Deviation from optimum pH will alter the acidic and basic groups of amino acids in the enzyme (Enzymes are proteins). The enzyme will .
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Disclaimer: I cannot guarantee all the information is correct. I am NOT a professional teacher.
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